Developing sustainable tourism

Summary of this study

This study addresses the field of sustainable tourism development and focuses on social innovation. It fills a gap in the existing literature by examining the drivers and barriers of social innovation in community model destinations, taking into account the networked nature of the tourism industry. Through in-depth stakeholder interviews and participant observation, factors at the micro (individuals), meso (community) and macro (society/country) levels that influence social innovation are uncovered. This research extends previous work on the interconnectedness of social entrepreneurial factors and innovation.

At the micro level, the study shows the importance of motivations, knowledge sharing and awareness raising, and economic viability. At the meso level, the importance of local networks, following role models and involving local communities is essential. Authenticity as well as economic and political factors are macro influences that need to be addressed. Thus, this research provides guidance for responsible and community-oriented tourism practices that are aligned with sustainable development goals.

Findings from this study

• At the level of individuals (micro level), the study shows that social innovations are often started by people with their own drive and desire to do something good. For example, they want to pass on knowledge about their home country. However, the biggest problem often lies in financing new ideas.
• At the community level (meso level), it is important that there are role models who show how it could be done. In order to strengthen sustainability at a regional level, there needs to be strong cooperation between all those involved. Unfortunately, however, it must be noted that often too few people are involved in developments and that financial resources are also often a problem at the meso level.
• Social innovations in tourism can be triggered at the country or societal level (macro level) by global crises and a perceived lack of political focus on social aspects in tourism.
• Social innovations in tourism often emerge through committed individuals and good local cooperation.
• Special circumstances (context) also play a role. If a place is very dependent on tourism and there are many small family businesses, this can either help social innovation because people are strongly connected, or harm it because there is not enough time or money.

Publication: Anna M. Burton, Birgit Pikkemaat, Astrid Dickinger (2025)