Glossary

Near Field Communication (NFC) is an international standard for the contactless exchange of data over short distances (up to 4 cm). NFC technology has been used since 2012 on savings bank cards for the payment of small amounts (up to 20 euros). Smartphones are also increasingly being equipped with NFC technology.

Source: Gabler Banklexiko, Jürgen Moormann, 2024
www.gabler-banklexikon.de/definition/nfc-70659

Definition of Net Promoter Score

The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a key figure that companies can use to assess how satisfied their customers are and how strong their loyalty to the company is. With the help of the NPS, companies receive a value that provides information on how willing their customers are to recommend the company to others. The basis for this is a simple and standardized survey.

The NPS is used across industries and internationally to measure customer loyalty. Thanks to modern evaluation systems, customer feedback can now be processed and analyzed quickly. Customer satisfaction is surveyed using a single, easy-to-understand question, usually:
"How likely is it that you would recommend company X to others?"

To determine the Net Promoter Score, respondents give their answer on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being very negative and 10 being extremely positive. On this basis, customers are divided into three groups:

• 0-6: Detractors
  These customers are dissatisfied, do not recommend the company to others and are often critical, for example in the form of negative reviews.

• 7-8: Indifferent
  People in this category have a neutral attitude towards the company. They do not play a role in the calculation of the NPS.

• 9-10: Promoters
  These customers are very satisfied, have a positive attitude towards the company and actively recommend it to others.

To calculate the NPS, the percentage of detractors is subtracted from the percentage of promoters. For example, if the percentage of promoters is 60 percent and the percentage of detractors is 30 percent, the NPS is 30. The possible value range of the Net Promoter Score is from -100 to +100.

Source: Net Promoter Score | marktforschung.de

The proportion of people (R) in the population (N) who have made at least one trip in a period (usually one year).

Calculation: NRI = R/N x 100.

Different net travel intensities are calculated for different types of travel, the best known of which is vacation travel intensity. There is also the short trip intensity and the business trip intensity.

Source: Fuchs, W. (2021). Tourism, hotels and gastronomy from A to Z. Walter de Gruyter.

Next Generation Access (NGA) is a very simplified term used for the current conversion of existing telecommunications networks to Internet Protocol (IP) technology. A network technology that replaces traditional circuit-switched telecommunications networks with a standardized, packet-switched network infrastructure.

Source: WKO, 2024
https://www.wko.at/oe/tourismus-freizeitwirtschaft/digitalunterwegs-lang.pdf

• People who do not or do not exclusively identify as male or female.

Source: No to racism, 2022, https://www.notoracism.ch/glossar

A token is the digitized form of an asset. The token therefore has a certain value or a certain function. At the same time, however, real assets such as real estate or music rights can also be tokenized by transferring the associated rights and obligations to the token. This means that the ownership structure is digitally mapped and can therefore be traded. A token can be both fungible (exchangeable) and non-fungible (not exchangeable). Basically, "non-fungible" in this sense only means that it is a unique digital asset that cannot be exchanged one-to-one for another.

The situation is different with bitcoins, for example: Bitcoins can be exchanged at will, as they always have the same value. It is the same with cash: a ten-euro bill has the same value as another ten-euro bill. Non-fungible tokens, on the other hand, can be compared to art objects such as paintings. These have an individual value. If you exchange them for each other, you usually don't get the same value that you pass on.

Source: Stuttgarter Nachrichten, 2021
https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.nft-was-ist-das-mhsd.386bd7ac-2e41-461d-b726-cd5a6f0d2096.html

Nudging is the instrumentalization of small changes in the structure of a decision-making situation (so-called nudges) that lead to individuals changing their behaviour and decisions in a predictable way [1]. It is essential that no decision alternatives are prohibited or excluded and that the economic incentives of the alternatives are not significantly changed [1]. In addition, nudges should always change human behavior in such a way that the well-being of the individuals concerned is increased [1].The principle of nudging is based on findings from psychological and behavioral economics research, which has shown that in many situations people do not behave in accordance with the predictions of rational economic theories [2]. Instead, they often use so-called heuristics to make decisions. These are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that enable faster decisions but are also susceptible to cognitive biases [2]. These cognitive biases can lead to suboptimal behavior and economically irrational decisions. Nudges exploit these heuristics and biases to systematically change behavior [1].A typical example of a nudge that exploits a cognitive bias is the so-called default nudge [1, 3]. It describes the situation in which a choice is preselected in a decision-making situation and people have to actively decide against this option so that it is not implemented. As people tend to prefer the status quo to change, they often opt for the preselected option [4]. This phenomenon can explain, for example, the enormous differences between organ donation rates in different countries [5]. In countries where citizens are registered as organ donors by default and have to actively decide against organ donation, the proportion of people who agree to organ donation is significantly higher than in countries where people have to actively decide in favor of organ donation and are not organ donors by default [5].As a growing proportion of our everyday lives and thus our decisions take place in digital environments (see e.g.digital economy), nudges are also increasingly being digitized and used, for example, on the internet or on mobile devices such as smartphones. Digital nudging relies in particular on adjustments to the user interface [6].

[1] R. Thaler and C. R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Penguin Publishing Group, 2009.
[2]A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases," Science, vol. 185, no. 4157, pp. 1124-1131, 1974.
[3]J. M. Jachimowicz, S. Duncan, E. U. Weber, and E. J. Johnson, "When and why defaults influence decisions: a meta-analysis of default effects," Behavioral Public Policy, vol. 3, no. 02, pp. 159-186, 2019.
[4]D. Kahneman, J. L. Knetsch, and R. H. Thaler, "Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias," Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 193-206, Feb. 1991.
[5]E. J. Johnson and D. Goldstein, "Do Defaults Save Lives?," Science, vol. 302, no. 5649, pp. 1338-1339, 2003.
[6]M. Weinmann, C. Schneider, and J. vom Brocke, "Digital Nudging," Business and Information Systems Engineering, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 433-436, 2016.

Source: Bavarian Research Institute for Digital Transformation, 2025
Nudging | bidt