Glossary

Women in particular spend a lot of time on unpaid care work every day: on average 52.4% more than men in Germany. In other words, they spend one and a half times as much time raising children and caring for relatives, doing housework and are often also involved in voluntary work. In the phase of life when the children are small, the time burden alongside work is particularly high. Among 34-year-olds, the gender care gap was 110.6%. Mothers spend 5.18 hours a day on care work, while fathers of the same age only invest 2.31 hours. The hours of unpaid care work are not available to women for paid work at work. As a result, many working women are forced to work part-time, which later results in a gender pension gap in the form of lower pensions and old-age provision.

The traditional "family breadwinner model" has long served as an orientation for state regulations, institutions and culture. As women's employment has increased, a "supplementary earner model" has developed. It is disadvantageous for women. An urgent issue in gender equality policy is the question of how state incentives can be set for a reorganization of work so that the necessary unpaid care work can be carried out jointly by women and men. The situation of non-cis people urgently needs to be investigated scientifically in this regard.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2025, https://www.fes.de/wissen/gender-glossar

Typical woman, typical man. Gender roles define who we are. However, they are neither indissoluble nor biologically justifiable, but are called into question. Simone de Beauvoir already recognized: "One is not born a woman, one is made one". This is how the French philosopher put it in 1949 in her key work "The opposite sex".

This much is known so far: Behaviors develop, they are learned, and yet it is difficult to expand the range of action of the sexes. Women are expected to be feminine, men masculine. This begins in early childhood and has a formative effect. Gender roles are omnipresent and are promoted by heteronormativity.

Gender roles are changing in a changing society. Today, women are considered professionally successful and men more sensitive. However, this does not indicate equality. There are merely new attributions of gender roles along the lines of definition of femininity and masculinity.

Gender research criticizes gender roles as gender stereotypes and exposes their constructions. Anyone who is not prepared to fulfill the expectations and requirements of gender roles, or who is simply unable to do so due to their gender identity or sexual orientation, must expect exclusion and discrimination. This can even lead to hatred and deadly threats.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2025, https://www.fes.de/wissen/gender-glossar

Women earn less than men. The wage gap is called the gender pay gap. The gender pay gap is calculated by comparing the average gross hourly wage of women and men. The percentage share is calculated worldwide. In the Global Gender Gap Report, the World Economic Forum annually compares income differences in 150 countries.

The difference in earnings can be explained by structural causes: Women are more likely to work in lower-paid professions and industries. Although their level of qualification is often higher, they are less likely to reach management positions. Many working women work part-time. The reason for the reduced working hours is usually to look after children or relatives in need of care.

To draw attention to the lack of equal pay, Equal Pay Day is celebrated every year as an international day of action. The date is determined by how many days women work "for free".

Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2025, https://www.fes.de/wissen/gender-glossar

Not only do women earn less, their pensions are also significantly lower than those of men. This is due to the lower earnings of women, as documented by the gender pay gap, as well as the different employment biographies of women and men. The structural differences in employment are often due to the unequal distribution of care work, i.e. child and family work.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2025, https://www.fes.de/wissen/gender-glossar

Gender-sensitive language is also known as gender-inclusive language, or simply gendering. This refers to the effort to create gender equality in speaking and writing through improved word choice and expression.

The term generic masculine refers to a usage convention that was accepted as common in the 20th century; women were included, the "third option" was not yet offered. However, numerous studies in psycholinguistics have shown that masculine terms are often only assigned to men. This happens significantly more with job titles that are predominantly used by men than with words that describe larger, more abstract groups, such as "taxpayer".

On the one hand, gender-sensitive language ensures that women are more visible by explicitly naming them. On the other hand, it aims to ensure the visibility of all genders. Gender symbols such as the gender star symbolize that transgender, intersex and non-binary people are meant alongside women and men. Gender-sensitive language can also be achieved by using gender-neutral language. If no one is named, no one has priority.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2025, https://www.fes.de/wissen/gender-glossar

Generation X (1965 - 1980): Born between the Baby Boomers and Millennials, known for their adaptability, independence and experience with the advent of technology.

Source: Stuttgarter Nachrichten, 2023
https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.generationen-uebersicht-mhsd.f43071fc-b461-4aa0-8059-aafc9245acda.html

Generation Y / Millennials (1981 - 1994): First generation to grow up in the digital era; characterized by technology, a strong focus on individuality, flexibility and a growing importance of social media.

Source: Stuttgarter Nachrichten, 2023
https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.generationen-uebersicht-mhsd.f43071fc-b461-4aa0-8059-aafc9245acda.html

Generation Z (1995 - 2009): Grew up with modern technology, often referred to as the first digital natives; diverse, globally connected and committed to social justice and environmental issues.

Source: Stuttgarter Nachrichten, 2023
https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.generationen-uebersicht-mhsd.f43071fc-b461-4aa0-8059-aafc9245acda.html

Generative Engine Optimization (GEO), also known as AI Engine Optimization, is the strategic process of designing content, brand presence and digital assets in such a way that they are preferentially processed, cited or directly integrated by generative AI systems such as ChatGPT, Perplexity or Google Gemini.

The aim of GEO is for companies, brands, products, services or content to be visible in the output of these systems - be it in the form of:

• Mention as a brand or solution in answers,
• linking or quoting in systems with web access,
• (invisible) retrieval in background searches by the AI,
• or integration into the training data with long-term stable presence on high-quality platforms.

Source: Evergreen Media, 2025, https://www.evergreen.media/ratgeber/generative-engine-optimization/#definition

Well-educated women with the goal of a successful professional career usually hit the so-called glass ceiling in their early 30s: an invisible barrier prevents further advancement, while their male colleagues of the same age, equally or less qualified, are promoted past them to the next higher management position.

The cause of the frequently observed phenomenon of the glass ceiling is thought to be gender role stereotypes, which lead HR managers to assume that young women could soon drop out due to starting a family and would then be too tied down in terms of time and emotion by care work. The legal structure of parental leave is not very helpful as a management tool. Studies also confirm the assumption that men in management positions prefer to keep to themselves.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2025, https://www.fes.de/wissen/gender-glossar

Google Ads or Google AdWords is an advertising system from Google that allows advertisers to place ads that are primarily based on the search results when using the company's own services.

Source: Austrian Federal Economic Chamber, 2024
https://www.wko.at/oe/tourismus-freizeitwirtschaft/digitalunterwegs-lang.pdf

Green pressure refers to the significantly increasing pressure to act ecologically, which is being exerted on the economy by politicians and consumers, among others. The issues of climate change and environmental protection are now affecting all sectors and all economic, social and political discourse. In the medium term, no company can afford to ignore the environmental issue.

Source: Zukunftsinstitut, 2024
https://www.zukunftsinstitut.de/zukunftsthemen/megatrend-glossar/neo-oekologie-glossar

In contrast to greenwashing, greenhushing refers to the deliberate withholding of sustainability communication, even though sustainability measures are being implemented. This is often done out of fear of negative reactions and accusations of greenwashing. Although greenwashing protects against any critical observations, companies fail to contribute to an open dialog about climate protection measures. Ultimately, this can lead to other stakeholders not being able to benefit from their knowledge of climate protection measures, which slows down further sustainability efforts. It also prevents companies from inspiring others to take action.

Source: Myclimate, 2025, https://www.myclimate.org/de-at/informieren/faq/faq-detail/greenwashing-greenwishing-greenhushing-bluewashing/

Greenwashing, often referred to as "greenwashing", is when products or behaviors are presented as more environmentally friendly than they actually are. This includes, in particular, sustainability promises that contain exaggerated, false or misleading statements. It is therefore often only possible to distinguish between greenwashing and a company's genuine commitment to the environment after taking a closer look. There are various types of greenwashing: contradictory statements, obfuscation/distraction, unclear statements, lack of evidence or unrecognized labels.

Source: Myclimate, 2025, https://www.myclimate.org/de-at/informieren/faq/faq-detail/greenwashing-greenwishing-greenhushing-bluewashing/

The term greenwishing is used when a deception regarding a company's commitment to sustainability is unintentional, i.e. not deliberate. In most cases, the desire for greater sustainability on the part of a company is genuine and therefore initially positive. However, due to a lack of knowledge or insufficient testing, sustainability measures are often presented as having a greater effect than is actually the case. Or the desired changes fail to be implemented for other reasons. Driven by the pressure to set ambitious sustainability targets, companies can, for example, commit to targets that they cannot realistically achieve. Reasons for failure can be financial, technological or organizational constraints. The mere desire for sustainability is therefore not enough to act in a truly sustainable manner. On the contrary: such empty promises can be deceptive and cause problems similar to greenwashing.

Source: Myclimate, 2025, https://www.myclimate.org/de-at/informieren/faq/faq-detail/greenwashing-greenwishing-greenhushing-bluewashing/

Bruttoinlandprodukt (BIP) ist der Wert "aller" im Inland erbrachten volkswirtschaftlichen Leistungen, die innerhalb einer Rechnungsperiode erstellt wurden. Erfasst werden kann das BIP über seine Entstehungs-, Verwendungs- und Verteilungsseite. Die Wachstumsrate des preisbereinigten Bruttoinlandsprodukts dient als Messgröße für die Veränderung des Wohlstandes einer Volkswirtschaft, denn mit der Wachstumsrate des BIP gehen auch Veränderungen des Einkommens, der Beschäftigung und der Steuerinnahmen einher. Was aber letzlich in die Berechnung des BIP aufgenommen und somit als wertschöpfend angesehen wird, unterliegt keinem Naturgesetz und richtet sich nach den Strömungen der Zeit. 

Quelle: Fuchs, W. (2021). Tourismus, Hotellerie und Gastronomie von A bis Z. Walter de Gruyter.

Statistische Kennzahl für die touristischen Aktivitäten der Einwohner einer Gebietseinheit: Anzahl der von der Bevölkerung in einer Periode (in der Regel ein Jahr) gemachten Reise (n), bezogen auf 100 Einwohner (N) dieser Gebetseinheit. 

Berechnung = Nettoreiseintensität x Reisehäufigkeit

Quelle: Fuchs, W. (2021). Tourismus, Hotellerie und Gastronomie von A bis Z. Walter de Gruyter.

Die Bruttowertschöpfung wird durch Abzug der Vorleistungen von den Produktionswerten errechnet; sie umfasst also nur den im Produktionsprozess geschaffenen Mehrwert. Die Bruttowertschöpfung ist bewertet zu Herstellungspreisen, das heißt ohne die auf die Güter zu zahlenden Steuern (Gütersteuern), aber einschließlich der empfangenen Gütersubventionen.Beim Übergang von der Bruttowertschöpfung (zu Herstellungspreisen) zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt sind die Nettogütersteuern (Gütersteuern abzüglich Gütersubventionen) global hinzuzufügen, um zu einer Bewertung des Bruttoinlandsprodukts zu Marktpreisen zu gelangen.

Quelle: Statistisches Bundeamt (Destatis), 2024
https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Volkswirtschaftliche-Gesamtrechnungen-Inlandsprodukt/Glossar/bruttowertschoepfung.html

(General) terms and conditions are pre-formulated contractual terms that apply to a large number of contracts as standard. This simplifies individual contracts and keeps them short. They become valid in the respective contract by means of a corresponding reference.

Quelle: oesterreich.gv.at, 2024
https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/lexicon/G/Seite.991125.html